|
Jacob Stainer (c. 1619 – 1683) was the earliest and best known Austrian luthier. Stainer was born and died in Absam, in present-day Austria. His designs influenced instrument construction in Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, parts of Italy, and several other countries. He may have been associated with the luthiers of Cremona, Italy, in particular the Amati family,〔Pearce, Joseph. Violins and Violin Makers: Biographical Dictionary of the Great Italian Artistes, Their Followers and Imitators, to the Present Time. with Essays on Important Subjects Connected with the Violin. London: Longman and co, 1866. Print.("Google Books" )〕 and with the Klotz family of violin makers of Mittenwald, Germany.〔Peterffy,Ernest. Music and Youth, April 1926, cited in The Rockford Register-Gazette, May 17, 1926. Helen Fish, "Klotz First of Violin Makers of Mittenwald", p. 15. ("Search Klotz Violin Illinois" )〕 His instruments were the most sought-after throughout Europe until the late 18th century, when changing performance conditions led musicians to seek a different sound. The instruments of Antonio Stradivari are flatter and broader and produce a more powerful sound than others. This became the sound preferred by musicians as orchestras in large concert halls gradually replaced baroque chamber ensembles in intimate settings. Stainer’s violins are comparatively rare today and few of his violas, cellos, and basses are known to exist. They are highly sought after by musicians who perform early music on period instruments. ==Biography== Jacob Stainer was one of the most famous luthiers of his time in Europe before Stradivari, and the only non-Italian luthier to rank at the top of that artistic craft. Until orchestral music replaced chamber music as the dominant form, Stainer's violins were more sought-after even than Stradivari's. He was born (around ) 1619 in Absam; paternal ancestors were from South Tyrol and the father worked in the salt mines. His mother ''Barbara Pomberger'' and her parents, ''Joachim'' and ''Anne Posch'', were from Absam. The Stainers lived in Absam in ''Breitweg'' near the blacksmith. Jacob attended the school until 1630, probably learned Latin and spoke Italian. He was sent to Innsbruck to learn the art of organ building with ''Daniel Hertz'', but not being inclined to the work was directed towards the construction of violins. In this field a good knowledge of technical, artistic, drawing, carving and materials is needed. He then completed an apprenticeship in joinery with a relative, ''Hanns Grafinger''. In 1644 he went to Cremona to complete his training as a luthier, possibly with Nicolò Amati, although his name does not appear on the lists of Amati's apprentices; a violin made c.1645 has been cited with an original label at the top block stating: ‘Jacob Stainer/ fecit Cremona 16..’; perhaps he also went to Venice to work for a short period with ''Vermercat''i. The following year he opened his workshop and married, on November 26, ''Margarete Holzhammer'' with whom he had eight children. Stainer continued to produce outstanding instruments for court musicians and for the orchestra of the cathedrals of Innsbruck, Salzburg, Munich, Nuremberg, Bozen, Meran, Brixen and the court of Spain. In 1656 he achieved success and bought a house, now known as "House of Jacob Stainer," in which he built his instruments, including the most precious one, preserved at the ''Tiroler Landesmuseum (Ferdinandeum)'' Innsbruck. 〔 (Gemeinde Absam: Jacob Stainer )〕 〔 (Region Hall-Wattens Jakob Stainer )〕 In 1658 Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria awarded him the honour of "servant of the Archduke" until 1662 when the Archduke died; in 1669 Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor appointed him "Imperial servant". The same year he was arrested in Innsbruck, having been found in possession of books concerning Lutheranism, and had to do an act of repentance; between 1670 and 1679 he continued to receive orders from the church. In 1680, probably due to persecution as a heretic, he fell into a manic-depressive syndrome, dying three years later in Absam. 〔 (Geschichte Tirol: Absam )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jacob Stainer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|